Online The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 3

The International Spectator, Vol. 60, No. 3 (September 2025) has just been published. Read all articles in open access:

Understanding Gulf States’ Foreign Aid: A Conceptual Framework

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Gulf Donors in the MENA Region: Unravelling Motivations, Aid Strategies and Geopolitical Objectives in the Case of Tunisia (2011-24)

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Foreign Aid, Identities and Interests: Qatar and the UAE in Sudan

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From ‘Strategic Indispensability’ to ‘Comprehensive Offers’: Mapping Proposals for the EU’s Offensive Geoeconomic Turn

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